Influence of surcharge on cone penetration test results and the inspection of various approaches for capturing its effect: a case study

Abstract Studies in recent decades demonstrate the significant effect of stress configuration (e.g., vertical and lateral confinement) on shear strength or, this study, cone penetration test (CPT) results. Addition a surcharge over ground changes condition, consequently, CPT tip resistance. In results different CPTs conducted before after backfilling with various thicknesses land development project were reviewed while focusing trend an increase resistance due to additional surcharge. Both pre- post-fill ratios soil type affect rise corrected $${q}_{c}$$ q c values backfilling. Moreover, there has always been sudden around pre-fill surface all studied cases. another approach was derived from reanalysis data specific site for predicting by considering above-mentioned factor. Likewise, predicted depth-normalized using Robertson’s normalization method. The proposed study showed better match compared method, especially at surface.